Phosphoenolpyruvate → 2-keto-3-deoxy arabino heptulosonate-7-phosphate → Chorismate → Tryptophan Phosphoenolpyruvate → 2-keto-3-deoxy arabino heptulosonate-7-phosphate → Chorismate → Phenylalanine Glutamic Acid → Glutamate-5-semialdehyde → Proline ( γ-glutamyl kinase) Homocysteine → Methionine ( methionine synthase) Hydroxyethyl-TPP + Pyruvate → α-acetolactate → Isoleucine Hydroxyethyl-TPP + Pyruvate → α-ketobutyrate → Leucine Hydroxyethyl-TPP + Pyruvate → α-acetolactate → Valine Serine + THF → Glycine ( hydroxymethyltransferase) Amino Acid Synthesis Pathways that form each amino acid Amino Acid These intermediates must be ingested, mostly from eating other organisms. Essential amino acids require intermediates not present in the human body. These amino acids are known as non-essential amino acids. In humans, some amino acids can be synthesized using already existing intermediates. It relies on five processes: amino acid synthesis, transcription, translation, post translational modifications, and protein folding. Protein anabolism is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. Proteins can denature in environmental conditions the protein is not made for. Proteins can be broken down by enzymes known as peptidases or can break down as a result of denaturation. Absorbed amino acids are typically used to create functional proteins, but may also be used to create energy. These amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream to be transported to the liver and onward to the rest of the body. This polypeptide chain then goes through post translational modifications and is sometimes joined with other polypeptide chains to form a fully functional protein.ĭietary proteins are first broken down to individual amino acids by various enzymes and hydrochloric acid present in the gastrointestinal tract. The amino acids are joined by peptide bonds making a polypeptide chain. Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle. Ribosomes translate the codons to their respective amino acids. This mRNA sequence contains codons: 3 nucleotide long segments that code for a specific amino acid. During transcription, RNA polymerase transcribes a coding region of the DNA in a cell producing a sequence of RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA).
The steps of protein synthesis include transcription, translation, and post translational modifications. Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism.
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